Pinus Pinaster - APPR

PINUS PINASTER

Antiossidante
Ministero della Salute (decreto 9 luglio 2012, aggiornato con decreto 27 Marzo 2014)

PROANTOCIANIDINE OLIGOMERICHE

Le proantocianidine oligomeriche estratte dalla corteccia del Pinus pinaster sono da tempo studiate in esperimenti in vitro e su modelli animali per le loro proprietà antiossidanti. Le proantocianidine sono polimeri ad alto peso molecolare che si formano dalla condensazione ossidativa dell’unità monomerica flavan-3-olo (+) catechina ed (-) epicatechina) con i flavan-3,4-dioli, prima in dimeri e successivamente in oligomeri. Sono denominate appunto “proantocianidine” perché se vengono lise con trattamento acido danno origine ad antocianidine come ad es. la cianidina. Le proantocianidine oligomeriche (OPCs- Oligomeric proanthocyanidins) sono polimeri a catena corta idrosolubili.
Alcuni dei benefici effetti delle proantocianidine oligomeriche sono i seguenti:
Anti-infiammatori: legati anche alla capacità di prevenire l’attivazione di NF-kB e AP-1, fattori di trascrizione nucleare sovra espresso in condizioni di stress ossidativo e in presneza di cellule tumorali. (Rohdewald P et al. In Flavonoids in Health and Disease, ed, Marcel Dekker Inc. NY 1998, Chapter 17, pages 405-419). Le Proantocianidine Oligomeriche (OPC) estratte dal Pinus Pinaster sono pertanto in gradi di diminuire i sintomi di infiammazione cronica. Studi in vitro dimostrano effetti-antinfiammatori dovuti probabilmente all’inibizione della produzione di perossido da parte dei macrofagi. Inoltre, studi su animali dimostrano che le OPC inibiscono in modo significativo la formazione di citochine proinfiammatorie, l’interleuchina 1-beta e il fattore di necrosi tumorale-alfa (Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Jan;46(1):175-85. Epub 2007 Jul 28.)
Antiallergici: (Choi YH, Yan GH. Phytother Res. 2009; 23:1691-5) Le Proantocianidine Oligomeriche sono in gradi di inibire l’espressione dei geni per la sintesi di COX-2 (ciclossigenasi inducibile) e 5-LOX (lipoperossidasi), ciò determina una riduzione della produzione di leucotrieni (Canali R, et al. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009; 9:1145-9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9112694

STUDI CLINICI

Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Jan; 46(1):175-85. Epub 2007 Jul 28.
Protective effect of pine (Pinus morrisonicola Hay.) needle on LDL oxidation and its anti-inflammatory action by modulation of iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
Yen GC¹, Duh PD, Huang DW, Hsu CL, Fu TY.
Abstract
The protective effects of pine (Pinus morrisonicola Hay.) needle on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and nitric oxide production in macrophages as well as its bioactive compounds were investigated. Of the four solvent extracts, the ethyl acetate extract of pine needle (EAE-PN) exhibited the strongest scavenging action on free radicals. EAE-PN significantly inhibited copper-induced LDL oxidation through prolonging the lag phase of conjugated dienes formation and decreasing the relative electrophoretic mobility of LDL. Lipid accumulation and foam cell formation were significantly reduced when EAE-PN (75 microg/mL) was added to the medium co-incubated with macrophages cells and copper-induced LDL. EAE-PN also markedly inhibited reactive oxygen species production in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). As regards NO production in cells, EAE-PN showed dose-dependent inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) protein expressions in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were inhibited by EAE-PN. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression were suppressed by EAE-PN. The major phenolic compounds in EAE-PN were epicatechin and p-coumaric acid by HPLC analysis. The presence of epicatechin and p-coumaric acid in EAE-PN may be partially responsible for the biological action of EAE-PN. Taken together, these results suggest that EAE-PN may provide potential protective effects against LDL oxidation and attenuating excessive NO generation at inflammatory sites; consequently, this may contribute to anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory effects of EAE-PN.
Articolo:
Urologia. 2010 Jan-Mar; 77(1): 43-51
Associating Serenoa repens, Urtica dioica and Pinus pinaster. Safety and efficacy in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Prospective study on 320 patients.
Pavone C1, Abbadessa D, Tarantino ML, Oxenius I, Laganà A, Lupo A, Rinella M.
INTRODUCTION – Serenoa repens (saw palmetto) has been employed for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) for several years. Its mechanism of action is believed to be due to antiandrogenic, antiproliferative and antinflammatory properties. An association of Serenoa with the nettle “Urtica dioica” showing antiproliferative activity and the pine “Pinus pinaster” derivative, showing antinflammatory action, has been proposed in recent years. Such an action is hoped to act not only by reducing LUTS but also by preventing the development of prostate cancer.
MATERIAL AND METHODS – During the years 2007 and 2008, 320 patients suffering from LUTS were treated with an association of Serenoa repens 320 mg, Urtica dioica 120 mg and Pinus pinaster 5 mg, named IPBTRE. This treatment was administered to all patients for a minimal duration of 30 days to a maximum of a year, either alone or in association with antibiotics or alpha-blockers, if needed. Outcome analysis was based on evaluation of symptoms, prostate volume and maximum flow rate (Qmax).
RESULTS – From a careful analysis of the data collected in our database, the following observations can be made: ages varied between 19 and 78 years. The patients were affected by BPH in 46% of cases, chronic prostatitis syndrome in 43%, chronic genital-pelvic pain in 7% and other conditions in 4%, the absolute numbers being 147, 138, 22 and 7 patients, respectively. No untoward side effect was reported in any case. Variations in symptom score could be fully evaluated only in 80 of 320 patients (25%), of whom 68 (85%) reported a significant benefit, with special reference to an improvement of pain, urgency, strangury and nocturia. Data on variations in prostate volume, as measured by digital rectal examination, were available in 84 (26.5%) patients. No significant change was observed. Qmax after treatment was measured in 83 (26%) patients. It did not show significant changes from the initial values.
DISCUSSION – The association tested in our study appeared to be safe and well tolerated. No changes in flow rate and prostate volume were observed, but a marked reduction of LUTS was observed in 85% of evaluable cases, especially with regard to pain and irritative symptoms. Whether or not such an association may display a prevention of prostate cancer, may be investigated in additional studies.

Articolo: traduzione in italiano
Urologia. 2010 Jan-Mar; 77(1): 43-51
Associazione Serenoa Repens, Urtica Dioica e Pinus Pinaster nel trattamento delle infiammazioni del basso tratto urinario
Pavone C1, Abbadessa D, Tarantino ML, Oxenius I, Laganà A, Lupo A, Rinella M.
INTRODUZIONE – La Serenoa repens (saw palmetto) è stata impiegata per il trattamento dei sintomi del basso tratto urinario (LUTS) per diversi anni. Il suo meccanismo d’azione si ritiene sia dovuto alle sue proprietà antiandrogene, antiproliferative e antinfiammatorie. In questi ultimi anni è stata proposta l’associazione di Serenoa Repens, Urtica dioica (che mostrato avere attività antiproliferativa) ed il Pinus pinaster (che ha mostrando attività antinfiammatoria. Tale azione si auspica possa esser utile non solo riducendo le LUTS ma anche impedendo lo sviluppo del cancro alla prostata.
MATERIALI E METODI – Nel corso degli anni 2007 e 2008, 320 pazienti affetti da LUTS sono stati trattati con una associazione di Serenoa repens 320 mg, 120 mg Urtica dioica e Pinus pinaster 5 mg, di nome IPB-TRE. Questo trattamento è stato somministrato a tutti i pazienti per una durata minima di 30 giorni ad un massimo di un anno, da solo o in associazione con antibiotici o alfa-bloccanti, se necessario. L’Analisi Esito si è basata su una valutazione dei sintomi, il volume della prostata e portata massima (Qmax).
RISULTATI – Da un’attenta analisi dei dati raccolti nel nostro database, le seguenti osservazioni sono state effettuate le seguenti osservazioni: età varia tra i 19 e 78 anni. I pazienti erano affetti da BPH nel 46% dei casi, da prostatite cronica nel 43%, dolore pelvico cronico-genitale nel 7% e altre condizioni a 4%, il numero totale di pazienti arruolati è stato rispettivamente di 147, 138, 22 e 7. Nessun effetto collaterale indesiderato è stato riportato in alcun caso. Le variazioni di punteggio dei sintomi possono essere pienamente valutate solo in 80 dei 320 pazienti (25%), di cui 68 (85%) hanno riportato un beneficio significativo, con particolare riferimento ad un miglioramento del dolore, urgenza, nicturia e stranguria. I dati sulle variazioni di volume della prostata, come misurato da esplorazione rettale, erano disponibili in 84 (26,5%) pazienti. Nessun cambiamento significativo è stato osservato. Qmax dopo il trattamento è stata misurata in 83 (26%) pazienti. Esso non mostra variazioni significative rispetto ai valori iniziali.§
DISCUSSIONE – L’associazione testata nel nostro studio è risultata essere sicura e ben tollerata. Non sono stati osservati cambiamenti nella portata e il volume della prostata, ma una marcata riduzione dei LUTS è stata osservata nel 85% dei casi valutabili, soprattutto per quanto riguarda il dolore ed i sintomi irritativi. Si ritiene utile testare l’efficacia di tale associazione nella prevenzione del cancro della prostata, in studi futuri.

Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Mar;53:94-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.024. Epub 2012 Dec 5.
Anti-inflammatory properties of fruit juices enriched with pine bark extract in an in vitro model of inflamed human intestinal epithelium: the effect of gastrointestinal digestion.
Frontela-Saseta C¹, López-Nicolás R, González-Bermúdez CA, Martínez-Graciá C, Ros-Berruezo G.
Abstract
Enrichment of fruit juices with pine bark extract (PBE) could be a strategy to compensate for phenolic losses during the gastrointestinal digestion. A coculture system with Caco-2 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages was established as an in vitro model of inflamed human intestinal epithelium for evaluating the anti-inflammatory capacity of fruit juices enriched with PBE (0.5 g L(-1)) before and after in vitro digestion. The digestion of both PBE-enriched pineapple and red fruit juice led to significant changes in most of the analysed phenolic compounds. The in vitro inflammatory state showed cell barrier dysfunction and overproduction of IL-8, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the inflamed cells, incubation with nondigested samples reduced (P<0.05) the production of IL-8 and NO compared with digested samples. ROS production increased in the inflamed cells exposed to digested commercial red fruit juice (86.8±1.3%) compared with fresh juice (77.4±0.8%) and increased in the inflamed cells exposed to digested enriched red fruit juice (82.6±1.6%) compared with the fresh enriched juice (55.8±6%). The anti-inflammatory properties of PBE-enriched fruit juices decreased after digestion; further research on the bioavailability of the assayed compounds is needed to properly assess their usefulness for the treatment of gut inflammation. 

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